![]() The constant physical evaluation of drugs is an important parameter in detecting adulteration or improper handling of drugs. In the chloroform extract, using Benzene : Ethyl acetate (4 : 1), nine spots were seen, and in the ethanol extract, using Chloroform : Methanol (93 : 7), only four spots were observed using Iodine vapor as a viewing medium. The TLC of the petroleum–ether extract using Benzene : Ethyl acetate (6 : 1), which showed six spots. Phytochemically, the root was found to contain alkaloids, glycosides, terpenes, and sugars. The ethanol-soluble extractive was approximately the same as the water-soluble extractive. Total ash was approximately three times more than acid insoluble and water soluble ash. The powder microscopical examination showed anamalous secondary growth in between the xylem vessels and the presence of abundant clustered crystals of calcium oxalate in the cortex region. The medullary rays were multiseriate and well-developed. It also showed the presence of abundant clustered crystals of Calcium oxalate in the cortex region and well-developed xylem and phloem in the central stellar region. ![]() The transverse section of the root was circular in outline and showed an outer cork, cortex, and stellar regions. The anatomy of the root was studied by taking a transverse section. The macroscopic study of the root indicated that its color, odor, and taste may be an important characteristic feature for identifying the plant. The powdered drug was separately treated with phloroglucinol-hydrochloric acid (1:1) solution, acetic acid, and iodine solution to determine the presence of Sclerenchymatous interfasicular tissue, parenchymatous tissue, and xylem vessels. Powder of the dried roots was used for the observation of powder microscopical characters. A separate section was prepared and stained with iodine solution for the identification of starch grains. The section was stained with phloroglucinol-hydrochloric acid (1 : 1) and mounted in glycerin. The dewaxing of the sections was carried out as per the procedure described by Johanson. The thickness of the sections was kept between 10 and 12 μm. The paraffin-embedded specimens were sectioned with the help of a Senior Rotary Microtome, RMT-30 (Radical Instruments, India). The specimens were casted into paraffin blocks. Infiltration of the specimens was carried out by gradual addition of paraffin wax (50 – 60☌ m.p.) until the tertiary-Butyl alcohol solution attained supersaturation. After 24 hours of fixing, the specimens were dehydrated with a graded series of tertiary-Butyl alcohol as per the method. Selected samples of the dried root were stored in a solution containing formalin (5 ml), acetic acid (5 ml), and 70% v /v ethyl alcohol (FAA) (90 ml). These findings might be useful to supplement information with regard to its identification parameters, which are assumed significant in the way of acceptability of herbal drugs, in the present scenario, which lacks regulatory laws to control the quality of herbal drugs. Phytochemically, the root exhibited terpenes, alkaloids, glycosides, and sugars. In the chloroform extract, using Benzene : Ethyl acetate (4 : 1) nine spots were seen, and in the ethanol extract, using Chloroform: Methanol (93 : 7), only four spots were observed, using Iodine vapor as a viewing medium. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) of the Petroleum-ether extract using Benzene : Ethyl acetate (6 : 1), showed six spots. The ethanol soluble extractive was approximately the same as the water soluble extractive. Powder microscopy showed anamalous secondary growth in between the xylem vessels and Calcium Oxalate crystals in the cortex region. Microscopically, the root showed cork, cortex, stellar region, and calcium oxalate crystals. A preliminary phytochemical screening was also done to detect different phytoconstituents. Total ash, water-soluble ash, acid-insoluble ash, sulfated ash values, and alcohol-and water-soluble extractive values were determined for physico-chemical evaluations. Microscopical studies were done by using the trinocular microscope. Pharmacognostic standardization physico-and phytochemical evaluation of the roots of Amaranthus spinosus was carried out, to determine its macro-and microscopical characters, and also some of its quantitative standards. This tree species has been of interest to researchers because it is a medicinal plant employed in the Indian traditional system of medicine. (Amaranthaceae) is found throughout India.
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